Student study notes from paramedic coursework (2023 to 2024), not medical advice. Verify clinical values against current references and your local protocols.
| EMS etiologies | Setting: ER |
Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that occurs rapidly, requiring immediate medical attention. It is triggered by the release of inflammatory mediators from white blood cells in response to allergens such as insect stings, certain foods (e.g., nuts, shellfish, eggs), medications (e.g., NSAIDs, antibiotics), latex, or contrast agents used in medical imaging. In some cases, physical exercise or unknown causes may lead to anaphylaxis.
The symptoms of anaphylaxis typically involve multiple systems, including an itchy rash, swelling of the throat and tongue that can obstruct breathing, shortness of breath, vomiting, lightheadedness, and shock due to a sudden drop in blood pressure. These symptoms can escalate quickly, leading to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly.
Diagnosis is based on the sudden onset of symptoms after exposure to an allergen or irritant. Treatment involves immediate administration of epinephrine, intravenous fluids, and positioning the patient to restore blood flow. Antihistamines and steroids may be used as supplemental treatments. Carrying an epinephrine autoinjector and seeking emergency medical help are essential for individuals with a history of anaphylaxis.